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Thucydide vs Plato on The Good Life Essay - 1927 Words

Thucydides Versus Plato: Differing Views of the Good Life What is the true nature of the Good Life? Is it living life with concern for only oneself despite the possible consequences of ones action on others? Or might it involve self-sacrifice in effort to do what one feels is right or just? Is it descriptive, or perhaps prescriptive? Two prominent Greeks, Thucydides and Plato, began providing answers to these questions over 25 centuries ago as they analyzed and wrote critically about lifes ethical implications. They shined contrasting light on what is right, just, and good; as well as ways to achieve true happiness. In short, each gave an opinion on how to garner the Good Life. Lets start by taking a look at Thucydides,†¦show more content†¦In the end, Socrates anecdotes show that living a modest and virtuous versus aggrandized and self-serving lifestyle, results in true happiness. But, was Plato right? How does his prescription of self-sacrifice for the good of a ll compare to Thucydides win-at-any-cost descriptions of the Athenians in Melos. Which view is most just or right? Which will make a humans life truly happy and good? For those who choose to live lavishly no matter the cost, or perhaps feel the nature of life is such that strength and power trump weakness and subservience, Thucydides empirical recollection of Athenian army actions at Melos must seem justified. Dont those who have achieved dominance naturally deserve to live the Good Life? To the contrary, for others who believe that self-sacrifice and virtue are the key to justice, Platos normative philosophy would be the wiser choice to attain happiness and goodness. One could surmise Thucydides was reporting the way life is, while Plato was analyzing and communicating the way things ought to be. Personally, the author of this document is a retired military member of the U.S. Air Force (U.S.A.F.) and thus might be expected to have empirical views, especially in times of war. However, his firm belief in the Geneva Conventions and the U.S.A.F. core values of integrity first, service-before-self, and excellenceShow MoreRelatedThucydides vs. Plato1598 Words   |  7 PagesPaper about Thucydides versus Plato on the nature of the Good Life 1: Thucydides versus Plato on the nature of the Good Life. Some have claimed that Thucydides is making empirical claims, whereas Plato is making normative claims. Is that true? Support your answer in your paper. Plato and Thucydides together had strikingly dissimilar views on their tactic on the good life. Many have demanded that Plato is making normative rights, whereas Thucydides has made empirical claims. Lets first takeRead MoreA Biblical View of Science, Technology, and Business: Do Utilitarian’s Agree with These Biblical Views?1835 Words   |  8 Pageswho follow him. Throughout the reading of The Gospel According to Matthew an anti-materialistic approach is used; â€Å"contempt for even the necessities of life and the assurance that ‘God will provide’† (Newton, Source Reader, p. 61). For example, the young rich man in the reading asks God what good deed he can complete in order to receive eternal life. God first suggests to the man to follow the Ten Commandments, the man states that he has been following the Ten Commandments since he was a young boyRead More Aristotelian Ethics and its Context Essay6933 Words   |  28 Pagesdecision-making, and follow-th rough. To a degree hitherto unparalleled in history, Greek democratic (better isonomic (5)) polis-life was participatory, and its preeminent achievements were not laws as products but actions as embodiments of practical intelligence. Aristotle himself is elsewhere well aware of this. In Politics I.ii.6 (1254a8-9) he tells us that human life is action, not production and in saying this, he only corroborates what he concedes when he says that politics is concerned with

Explore How Historical Events, Culture and Upbringing free essay sample

Explore how historical events, culture and upbringing influence the presence of racial discrimination in society. Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird and John Grahams A Time To Kill are postmodernist 20th century American novels which portray racial discrimination as a result of culture, upbringing and historical events. They continue to be relevant today as numerous anti-discrimination laws are a clear indicator of the ongoing presence of racial prejudice. Both novels focus on the battle against injustice as the white lawyers fight to defend African-American clients in controversial court cases against a system Able to see The human side of the individuals problem. These trials are comparable to Kabobs court case in Snow Falling On Cedars where discrimination is directed at Japanese-Americans, partly due to the role of the Japanese in World War II. From this outline, it might seem that the racial discrimination is aimed at the obvious victims the African-American and Japanese defend ants. However, I intend to demonstrate that this clinch ©d reader response may neglect to consider the unlikely victims of discrimination the white sympathizers who courageously oppose the sin of kill[ins] a mockingbird. In my opinion, tolerance of racial prejudice is a result of cultural traditions and socially acceptable customs. Lees novel is a bloodcurdling novel, a German term meaning formation novel, as it focuses on Scouts maturation and her quest for understanding and identity. Lee uses the first person narration of Scout to relay many random, seemingly insignificant episodes of her childhood, which appear superficial but contain profound insights into the racist situation of the sasss. For example, when Attics children sneak into Mr.. Raddled garden in the hopes of seeing the mysterious Boo, it s immediately assumed by the neighbors to be a Negro in his collard patch. This association of African-Americans with criminal behavior is reinforced when Attics outlines the traditional assumption That all Negroes lie That all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, which was supported by numerous works of literature of the time such as Tom Brady Black Monday in which he claimed blacks would be a threat to the Purest of Gods creatures He well-bred, cultured Southern white woman. This view can be compared to Horses hypothesis in Sturgeons novel when he assumes the murderer is a Jape. After examining Carols head wound, Horace advises the sheriff to start looking for a Jape with a bloody gun butt because the Japanese are trained in keno or stick fighting. Racial discrimination is viewed in Macomb as socially tolerable behavior for the white population. Those who demean the black inhabitants are seen as normal rath er than discriminatory. When Mr.. Gilder, the defense attorney, cross-examines Tom Robinson unjustly by talking so hateful to him - ironically the only person affected I started crying and couldnt stop. The views to Macomb citizens are revealed when Scout comments, after all, hes Just a Negro. This is reinforced in A Time to Kill when Tanya Halley, the little black girl who was brutally raped, is described, from the white perspective, as Just a little Niger Illegitimate Like all of them. This dismissive opinion of the blacks in the sasss remains steeped in racial prejudice, mirroring the racist situation five decades earlier in To Kill A Mockingbird set in the sasss. This intellectuality can be explained by the fact that both Gresham and Stutters were heavily influenced in the writing of their own novels by Lees renowned portrayal of racial prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird. However, Lees work has been critiqued as being Designed principally to create warmth, which doesnt exclude ugliness but views it th rough generally optimistic eyes to vigorous enough to celebrate life, but does enjoy it. Those who disagree with the racial discrimination, such as Mr.. Raymond, are viewed as peculiar as long as Macomb citizens can say, He cant help himself, thats why he lives the way he does. He explains in simple, colloquial language to Scout that, they could never, never understand Thats the way I want to live. It seems that a person must be drunk or seclusions to associate with Macombs black residents. However, individuals such as Attics who do not possess this excuse quickly become ostracizes, even within their own families. Scouts cousin uses child-like, idiomatic language to inform her that if Uncle Attics is a Niger-lover It certainly does mortify the rest of the family. Reputation is highly esteemed in Macomb and those who choose to disregard it by fighting racial discrimination are seen as ruin the family. In A Time to Kill, Jake, a white sympathizer is repeatedly threatened by intimidating phone calls in which he s called a Niger-loving son off bitchy and which promise revenge if Carl Lee was acquitted. His life, family and reputation are Jeopardized simply because he chooses to oppose the social protocol of the time by fighting for Justice and equality for all, regardless of skin color. One white sympathizer in Snow Falling On Cedars is similarly intimidated when warned Jape lovers get their balls cutoff after he refuses to condone the pointless and merciless evacuation of the Japanese during World War II whilst the Americans of Italian and German descent remained. Bob Elses similarly violent th reats throughout Lees novel culminate in a brutal attack on Attics children. Structurally, this event is significant as the narrative begins by foreshadowing the attack to hook the readers attention and ends with the revelation that Lowell was the mysterious assailant who broke Gems arm. Lowell doesnt have the courage to come after [Attics] face to face. Instead, he resorts to liquor To make him brave enough to kill children. Even though Scout and Gem are innocent, the fact that their father is a white sympathizer makes them guilty by association in Elses yes. This shows how racial persecution affects white sympathizers and those affiliated with them. Another important aspect of Macomb culture is the language employed to describe the black population and white sympathizers. Scout has grown up labeling African-Americans with the derogatory, yet socially acceptable term of Niger. Using deconstructionist as a critique to examine the linguistics, it is questionable whether Scout truly meaner what she intends as she is Just a child and may not be aware of the real meaning of the word. Attics educates her, telling her the term is common. This is mirrored when a white Juror in Grahams novel finds the same word personally attentive. Today, the word Niger is highly insulting, even abusive, but in the sass and even later it was often used to describe the African-Americans, or mockingbirds, of Lees novel. Lee uses the symbolic metaphor of the mockingbird to associate the senseless slaughter of songbirds with the irrational discrimination against the blacks. It is also interesting to note that the novels principal white sympathizers, the Finc h family, have a bird name. Perhaps the Finches are also mockingbirds, symbolizing the key ideas of freedom and song spite cruel persecution. When the blacks also refer to themselves as Niger, it is a poignant indication that after centuries of being treated as inferior by the whites, the blacks may regard themselves as beneath their white employers. It may also indicate brotherhood of the black population and their distinct separation from the whites, as suggested by the Black Panther Movement of the sasss. It continues to be used today as a sign of solidarity amongst the black population. The idiom Niger-lover was used to to intimidate whites who were sympathetic to naggers. This reveals hat discrimination through abusive language extends to white sympathizers. In Sturgeons novel, the Japanese are described as Saps and considered so inferior that the [white] census taker neglected to list them by name, referring instead to Jape Number 1, Jape Number 2 There also seems to be reverse racism as the Japanese refer to the whites as hajji. In Macomb, the social divides are so noticeable that even young children are able to d etect the social segregation between rich and poor, black and white. Gem defines four groups: middle-class people like the Finches, folks eke the Cunningham who are poor but honest, the Ells and the Negroes. Scout struggles to differentiate between who has background and who is trash. Lee uses the deceptively straightforward mediations of a child to question the root of racial discrimination and haughtiness towards those who are from a lower social class or have a different skin color. Gem and Scout reject the possibilities that background is based on how long a family has owned a piece of land or how long a families been reading and writing. When they finally reach the epiphany that theres just one kind of folks, Gem wonders, Why do they go out of their way to despise each other? This causes the reader to wrestle with the real cause of racial discrimination: if we are people, regardless of skin color, what separates us? Through Miss Maude, Lee defines real background as: those who say that fair play is not marked White Only In A Time To Kill, the re is a clear social divide between the whites and blacks. The whites still owned and controlled everything Lat was not about to change. The black population must endure ignorance and stark poverty Hopelessly unemployed as a result of white employers offering them the lowest- paying Jobs. This vast difference from the comfortable lives of the wealthy upper class white families could be one of the root causes of the underlying racial tension between the black and white populations. In Snow Falling On Cedars, the social classes consist of the upper-class whites and the lower-class Japanese. For example, the Japanese are forbidden to own land due to the Alien Land LaW making land ownership illegal Or an alien. The Marxist criticism would claim that these restrictions on land ownership ensured that the upper class controlled the production and sale of goods as well as enjoyed all the profits. The interests of the irking class Japanese were not served. The upbringing and personal circum stances to Macomb citizens could intelligence racial prejudice. Lees novel is written Witt an chronological plot and therefore contains several flashbacks and digressions as Scout looks back on her upbringing by a black mother figure. California has a considerable influence on Gem and Scouts morals and language. In one amusing anecdote, Gems language is admonished by Scout, California says thats Niger-talk. This is ironic because, despite being black, California wants to raise the children to speak properly and reject the superstitions of the blacks. In A Time to Kill, there is a distinct difference between how the black population converse when whites are absent. They had to show respect for the whites present. The blacks refrain from using idiomatic colloquialism or Niger-talk. In A Time To Kill, Gerald Alt is one of the few white people Who truly loved black people due to an event in his childhood when a black stranger rescued him and his family from their burning house. Primary solicitation takes place within the family and is crucially important in helping shape how we view people. In Snow Falling On Cedars, Hats, a young Japanese RL is warned by her family against becoming intertwined with the whites. The purpose of her upbringing is to ensure she does not forget that she was first and foremost Japanese. Although she lives in a white world, she must avoid being tainted [by] The darkness in the hearts of the hajji or white Americans. This reveals the extent with which upbringing contributes to the racial divide between the Japanese and white Americans. The Nisei [American-born Japanese children] grew up thinking of themselves as Americans, yet were reminded of their difference every time they encountered the Ostracism of their white neighbors. Scout and Gem are brought up by Attics and California to avoid administrating against others despite the racist situation in Macomb. For example, Attics uses the aphorism, you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. When he shows Scout that the Ells were people, but they lived like animals, she begins to appreciate her situation in life as a white, middle-class child. However, those like Male Lowell, who had a neglected, abusive upbringing, discriminate against others due to their ignorance and lack of education. After Amylases mother died, she was harked with raising her younger siblings as her absent father went off to the swamp for days. This lack of care and attention could have caused her intolerance of Tom Robinson. Male can be compared to a white rapist in Grahams novel who grew up in a family where the children raised themselves and also lacked a father figure. Perhaps the absence of a decent upbringing in a loving family environment contributes to the racist behavior of these characters. Using the New Historicism criticism, the historical context of these novels may significantly influence their presentation of racial discrimination. In To Kill A Mockingbird, events such as slavery and segregation are deeply woven into the tapestry of American history and therefore contribute to the racial discrimination of the time. The lingering tension between North and South as a result of the Civil War is mentioned in the first few pages of Lees novel where references are made to the slave days when wealthy white men ran cotton plantations like kingdoms. The Civil War stripped his [Simon Finchs] descendants of everything but their land as the Emancipation Proclamation freed the millions of slaves working on these plantations. The resentment of many alienation owners at the loss of free slave labor continued down the generations and into t e n 20th century. The past directly attests the present, prompting Attics epigram: Because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win. In Snow Falling On Cedars, a New Historicist criticism would suggest that the racist situation of the time is influenced by the novels historical context World War II and the deportation of Japanese immigrants from their homes in internment camps. In the early sass, almost 110,000 Japanese immigrated to the United States looking for work. Even though the Japanese comprised only 2% of all immigrants, they became victims of racial prejudice due to xenophobia and fear that they would take Americans Jobs. Racial prejudice against the Japanese peaked after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the deportation of all Japanese, in 1942. When Arthur, a Japanese sympathizer, writes in his newspaper that prejudice and hatred are never right and never to be accepted by a Just society he is seen as preferring the Saps. Despite the fact that German and Italian immigrants were not deported and yet ironically many Japanese-American men fought in the war on Americas side, his war-time prejudice affects Kabobs trial ten years later in 1954. Simply because Kabobs face is Japanese, the Jurors are reminded of Japanese soldiers and he is viewed as an enemy throughout the trial even though Kabul is a US army veteran. This clearly demonstrates how histori cal context can lead to racial discrimination. As a result of the Civil War, the blacks in the South were treated very differently from those in the North. In To Kill A Mockingbird, People up there [in the North] set me free, but you dont see them setting at the table with me Down here [in the South] e Just say youll live your way and well live ours. Severe segregation remained strongly enforced during the sass, especially in the South where segregation was not declared unconstitutional until 1968. This took place after intense civil rights demonstrations by activists such as Martin Luther King. In Macomb, the blacks live in the Quarters and in Grahams novel, segregation lingers in the cafes, Jails and even the courthouse. For example, when the black sheriff enters a white bar to arrest the suspected rapist, he is told we dont allow naggers in here. This underlying call tension was greatly intensified by the Depression of the sasss. Over 25% of the work force became unemployed, leading to financial difficulty for millions of people. This caused ferocious rivalry between blacks and whites for the few Jobs available resulting in racial discrimination and an increased number of black lynchings. For example, the gang that plans to lynch Tom Robinson consists of several Cunningham who were farmers and the crash hit them hardest. Their behavior towards Tom could be due to the economic collapse and resentment of black workers taking scarce Jobs. This bitterness led to the Klux Klux Klan in 1866 whose idealism was the restoration of white supremacy. In A Time to Kill, the Klan burns crosses, for the first time in years, to threaten the white sympathizers. The last time a cross was burnt was in the yard off Ni ger accused of raping a white woman. The Klan also burns down Sakes house, kill his secretary husband and injure his law clerk. The Clans actions reveal how white sympathizers often risk their lives fighting against racial discrimination. These three novels can be classed as social protest novels as he authors aim to tell a story that emphasizes the contemporary social problem of racial prejudice whilst attempting to stimulate change for the better. Stutters noted in a recent interview that not enough writers are presenting moral questions for redirection, which I think is a very important obligation. These novels explore now racial discrimination is affected by culture, upbringing and historical events, and the different responses of certain characters to the presence of racial prejudice. It becomes clear that racial discrimination has life-changing effects not only for the

Thin Client Essays - Remote Desktop, Fat Client, Thin Client, Client

Thin Client A Thin_Client is a PC which has no hard drive. It depends on another machine for operation. The advantages of a thin client are added security, because obviously the machine it depends on, actually controls the life blood of the thin client. This way, whatever security is set up on the host machine, is what rules the thin client's access. A thin client is really just a fancy way to allow a serving machine to host a client. Mainframe and other terminal type systems work on this principal. The client's screen and access to software and file structures is secured at the host. In a business setting, the costs of LAN maintenance is reduced because there is little ability of the thin client user to affect any settings which are critical to the business or workflow operation. In a perfect world all users are good users, but as reality shows, mistakes are made everyday by curious people using computers. If you are a DP professional, you know this translates into a lot of technical support an d help desk calls and operations. The thin client eliminates this. The thin client is also known as a Network PC; however, there is much to-do in the computer industry over just what actually constitutes a Network PC, so we use the term thin-client. NCs, NetPCs, and Java Network Terminals are based on the concept of thin client computing. Though their focus is at the OS level, the thin client-computing concept has been gaining more importance at the application level as well. Fat client, traditional client/server, applications are easier to design but have longer download times and require more client memory than thin clients. Thin Client or Server-based computing is a model in which applications are deployed, managed, supported and executed 100% on a server. It uses a multi-user operating system and a method for distributing the presentation of an application's interface to a client device. The server-based computing model employs three critical components. The first is a multi-user operating system that enables multiple concurrent users to log on and run applications in separate, protected sessions on a single server. The second is a highly efficient computing technology that separates the application's logic from its user interface, so only keystrokes, mouse clicks and screen updates travel the network. As a result, application performance is bandwidth-independent. The third key component, centralized application and client management, enables large computing environments to overcome the critical application deployment challenges of management, access, performance and security. This efficiency enables t he latest, most powerful 32-bit applications to be accessed with exceptional performance from existing PCs, Windows-based terminals, network computers. Client/Server computing is a widely used multi - user model. The model consists of fat or fully functional PC's linked to a powerful server. The model provides the power of the PC with the shared resources of a server. Client/Server is based on a distributed environment, which means that The client/server computer can monitor the available processing time on all computers [across the organization] and distribute tasks among them in order to squeeze the maximum amount of processing from the available resources. The server is used for the storage of data, which is delivered to the clients, where it is processed and manipulated to obtain the desired results. While both of the computing models have a valid role in today's enterprises, it's important to note the differences between them. In the traditional client/server architecture, processing is centered around local execution using fat, powerful hardware components. But with thin client computing approach, users are able to access business-critical applications - including the latest 32-bit Windows-based and Java applications - without requiring them to be downloaded to the client. This approach also provides considerable total cost of application ownership savings since these applications are centrally managed and can be accessed by users without having to rewrite them. Basically, the thin client computing approach delivers all the benefits of both host computing and personal computing. Host Computing Benefits ? Single-point management ? Physically and technically secure ? Predictable ownership costs ? Mission-critical reliability ? Bandwidth-independent performance ? Universal application access Personal Computing Benefits ? Thousands of off-the-shelf applications ? Low-cost and fast-cycle application development ? Standards based ? Graphical,

How are the main characters in Ethan Frome trapped and confined by circumstances Essays

How are the main characters in Ethan Frome trapped and confined by circumstances Essays How are the main characters in Ethan Frome trapped and confined by circumstances Paper How are the main characters in Ethan Frome trapped and confined by circumstances Paper Essay Topic: Ethan Frome Literature Ethan Frome is a novel about the tragedy of three lives trapped together by circumstances. They live in an isolated town called Starkfield. The word Starkfield means harsh, severe and barren. The people who live there lack communication with one another. They live in the mountainous area, which becomes cut off by snow in winter. The sluggish pulse of Starkfield The word sluggish indicates the slow pace of life. The winter is the dullest season for the community of Starkfield. Hardly any trees can be seen in this season, because its all snowed under. The boughs of trees bent inward from the burden of snow, sheds are sagged under their white load. White load is a metaphor for the word snow. The burden of snow is causing the sheds to sag. Ethan Frome is the main character of the novel. The story about his life is both sad and compelling. His story starts from the time when Ethan is a man of age not more than fifty two and lives in the bleak house of his parents. to see in the diminished dwelling the image of his own shrunken body The house reflects on Ethans shrunken body. It also reflects negatively on Ethans life. Ethan bore all misfortunes held within it, lost his parents and still couldnt improve his situation. The house shows total starvation of love and happiness. Ethan seems a part of the mute and melancholy landscape of the place he lives in. Although Ethan isnt more than fifty two, he looks older. The lameness and the look he has, make him the most striking figure in Starkfield. There was something bleak and unapproachable in his face. In this quotation the Narrator introduces Ethan Frome to the reader. He is described as ruin of a man. His face is bleak and unapproachable as if he has no life sap in his veins. The story of his life would affect anyone who could hear about it. . misfortunes brought premature end to Ethans studies. The word misfortunes indicates a change of luck from something quite positive (his study) to a life of sacrifice looking after his parents. As any young man, Ethan was looking forward to finishing his studies. After his parents fell ill, the future he planned came to a halt. Bad luck was hunting him down until there was nothing left except fear and sorrow. He feels emotionally isolated. There is nothing positive in his life and his life is being lived in the pure and frosty darkness in which he stood. The sudden death of his parents followed by an unhappy marriage trapped Ethan. He no more could experience happiness in his life and his situation became increasingly worse. The mood of Ethan Frome is very low and depressed. The writer shows this by constant reference to darkness and frozen landscape. Filled with unfulfilled dreams and lack of motivation he doesnt resist. However, Ethans inner needs and interests are still the same as before his misfortunes. Such tastes and acquirements in a man of his condition made the contrast more poignant between his outer situation and his inner needs. There is a contrast between the world surrounding him and the interests that he has. Ethan is compelled to accept the particular way of life, and forgets about his urge to get knowledge. Ethans life changes after the death of his parents. The death of his parents restricts his choices. After the death of his mother, Ethan couldnt bear to stay in the house alone. Thats why he decided to marry Zeena. He was to regret his decision for the rest of his life. Zeena entered the house as a young lady full of life and love. However, after she was looking after Ethans mother, Zeena was acquiring the symptoms of a sick person. Hardly Ethan had enjoyed their married life, she too fell silent. Zeena was becoming worse and worse every day. Long intervals of silence made her voice turn to a whine. Her face was drone and pale, the taciturnity filling her. Their married life was failing. Zeena expected to live in town and be a wife of a wealthy man. Unfortunately, their plan to sell the farm failed and they couldnt afford to move from that depressing place. Instead of encouraging Ethan Zeena manipulates him with her disease. Eventually, their house became a cold and dark prison. the fire is out long ago. This quotation is a metaphor for the Fromes marriage. There is no spark of love between Ethan and Zeena. Their love died long time ago. They dont have any feelings for each other and they lack communication. The death of loved ones left empty space in Ethans heart until the arrival of Mattie into his life. He had taken to the girl from the first day. The moment when his heart starts beating with a new rhythm Ethan finds it difficult to express his feelings. The wave of shyness pulled him back. I think Ethans inability to express himself is a cause of frustration and limits his possibilities of the relationship. He cant make crucial decisions and that also leads to his unhappiness. Ethan lives in the world of fantasy. He loves Mattie deeply and dreams of growing old by her side and lying next to her when he dies. Well always go on living here together, and some day shell lie here beside me. I think Ethans flaw is that he is too passive. He only fantasies but cannot fight for what he wants. At the turn of the 20th century in America people left their homes in towns and districts in search of a better life in cities. Starkfield was one of the abandoned towns. Small farmers like Ethan, became impoverished. Ethan is helpless in his situation. He shows anguish and frustration as Zeena spends the little money he earns. Youre a poor mans wife, Zeena. Despite their budget she continues to spend money on useless things, she never learns how to use as if to defy Ethan. Poverty is the main reason why the main characters are trapped. That is also a reason why Ethan cannot run away with Mattie, although he longs to be with her. However, he understands his economic situation. The inexorable facts closed in on him like prison warders handcuffing a convict. There was no way out-none. He was a prisoner for life, and now his one ray of life was to be extinguished. The facts of his poverty are compared to prison warders, and Ethan a convict being handcuffed. Edith Wharton uses a metaphor ray of light to compare Mattie to something positive and hopeful in Ethans life. He is a prisoner for life and this ray of light is under a threat to be extinguished. Ethan also feels ashamed to ask Ned Hale for money as he is a man of pride and dignity. When Hale refuses, Ethan cannot admit that he is broke and his pride makes the matters even worse. Even though Ethan has a tough life, he is an honest man. Ethan couldnt take an advantage of Mrs Hale and obtain and advance payment of money for his planned flight with Mattie, notwithstanding how he longed to be with her. All the characters of the novel want better life. Ethan wanted to finish the college and had dreams of becoming an engineer in a large city. All his dreams were unrealised due to his parents death and the opportunity to leave Starkfield minified. Also the image of graveyard was haunting Ethan. For years the quiet company mocked his restlessness, his desire for change and freedom. We never got away how should you? Every time Ethan was passing the graveyard the desire for a better life was gradually distinguishing. The headstones left emptiness in him for the entire life. It reminded him that one day he will join this quiet company. Mattie too was trapped. Her parents left her in destitute. They owed money and she was the one to repay. Poverty-stricken Mattie was obliged to work for the Fromes for nothing. Her situation leaves her in anguish and prison confinement. Whered I go, if I did? Mattie has nowhere to go due to circumstances. She continues to work in the Fromes house and lives in the dark prison, where everything is under Zeenas rules. Zeena as an other character in Edith Whartons novel who is confined. Zeena was looking forward to moving from isolated Starkfield and live in a large city. Zeena always wanted people to think of her as a wife of a wealthy man. she had let her husband see from the first that life on an isolated farm was not what she expected The reader can see that Zeena had high expectations for a better life. After their plans to sell the farm were not realised, she became silent and ill, trapped in poverty-stricken marriage. Sense of duty follows Ethan through his sorrowful life. He would like to divorce Zeena since their marriage is more out of duty rather than love. However, at that time there were some constrains put by the society. In rural communities like Starkfield divorce was taboo. Must he wear out all his years at the side of a bitter querulous woman? In this quotation Ethan expresses his anger and shame as he thinks about his life at the side of Zeena. The words bitter and querulous are negative and they portray Zeena as an unpleasant woman. Zeena is barring every way in Ethans life. Their life is senseless and dull. Zeena manipulates Et han and spends his money. Ethan feels obliged to her because she was the one who nursed his mother when she was dying and it was his little repayment to her as he thought. Ethan has a strong sense of duty towards Zeena. He understands that she will not be able to survive on the isolated farm without his support. Although Ethan desperately wants to leave Zeena for Mattie he does not. He saw his life before him as it was. He was a poor man, the husband of a sickly woman, whom his desertion would leave alone and destitute. Ethan realises his situation in life. He cant leave Zeena in destitute. Ethan understands that without him she will not be able to survive due to her failed health. Zeena is the most mysterious character in the novel. She is silent and very rigid. Obviously nobody knows Zeenas thoughts. In the end Zeenas personality changes. Perhaps she feels guilty about the smash-up and thats the reason she looks after Mattie and Ethan. Zeena has no time to communicate and her thoughts are the secret ones. Nobody has the access to her tortured soul. The most ironic part is when twenty years later youthful Mattie turns to be into what once Zeena was. Her bright personality faded as flowers out of water. What used to be a laugh turned into querulous drone. The querulous drone ceased as I entered Fromes house kitchen, and of the two women sitting there I could not tell which had been the speaker. The Narrator describes the atmosphere in the Fromes house twenty years later. As he enters the house querulous drone ceased. However, the Narrator cannot identify who it was. Further we know how Mattie changes over the years. She became the perfect replication of Zeena in past. There wasnt sings of life in Mattie. Shes suffered too much shes soured. Once full of life and happiness Mattie soured . She is shrunken and her querulous look makes her look even older than Zeena. The failed relationships compelled big impact on her bright personality. Mattie even acquired the drone whine of Zeena. Now she posses the armchair once belonged to sick Zeena. The life of the characters seems to be meaningless. Nothing can change their life situations, they are trapped. Their world is filled with misery, poverty and anguish. The three main characters: Zeena, Mattie and Ethan are living the end of their lives. Three of them are trapped together and the grotesque looks on their faces are similar in some ways. Their souls are soured and diminished and only the endurance still keeps them alive. It is as if they are being tortured in the silent darkness. All the characters suffer in some way but Ethan suffers more than the others. Youve had an awful mean time, Ethan Frome. Through all his years Ethan was never accompanied by anyone to help him cope with his misery. He was all alone. All his emotions were stuck in his heart making him look old and unapproachable. He was sagging under the weight of sorrow and no one rescued him. Edith Whartons novel Ethan Frome is a powerful and descriptive novel. Edith Wharton uses negative descriptions of the bleak environment in which animals have to force through the snow to breathe and people like Ethan must struggle in order to survive. She uses many images of death when she describes the places. She describes a dead cucumber vine hanging from a porch representing a steamer to the door of a house that smells of death. The story is rich in metaphors and comparisons. Zeenas use of metaphor of fire The fires out long ago, describes their loveless marriage and lack of warmth in the house. Ethan is haunted by the image of the Fromes gravestones and his desire for change and freedom has never come true. They always remind Ethan that his life will end at the farm and he will join his relatives in the family graveyard. Ethan fears about the future are well-expressed in the metaphor a vague dread had hung on his skyline. Ethan and Matties fragile relationships are shown in the quotation and gathering up the bits of broken glass she went out of the room as if carrying a dead body.. There is no happy ending for any characters of the novella, Mrs. Hale suggests that poor Ethan suffers the most. Ethans faced break your heart When I see that, I think its him that suffers the most. His youth was followed by misfortunes and his entire situation is twice the worst it was before Matties arrival. His bleak image dissolves into pure darkness of his misfortunes. Ethan experiences desertion of life and is destitute of love. He is eaten away by the tragedy of his life and only the Fromes graveyard will unburden the prison warders handcuffing his hands. At the end of the novel Mrs Hale makes a comparison between the Fromes in the farm and the Fromes in the graveyard and finds no difference between them except that women are quiet and hold their tongues. he way they are now, I dont see theres much difference between the Fromes up at the farm and the Fromes down in the graveyard; cept that down there theyre all quiet, and the women have to hold their tongues. This suggests strongly that though the three characters might be physically alive, in the quality of their life they are very much like the dead. The characters in Ethan Frome are stuck in poverty, live in an isola ted town without much communication. It appears that the writer describes how Ethan, Mattie and Zeena are caught in a situation of paralysis from which they cannot escape.

5 steps to becoming more optimistic

5 steps to becoming more optimistic Unless you naturally always see the glass as half-full, focusing on the sunny side of things may not seem like the easiest task in the world. (And even those natural optimists have their moments of frustration and doubt.) Positivity is a trait you have to work on, but it’s one worth cultivating- being optimistic is an asset in all aspects of your life, especially in your career. If you’re not confident and open, opportunities may pass you by. Here are some tricks to use when you need to boost your optimism and confidence.1. Note any negativity.When you first respond to something, is your instinct to see what’s wrong? Take a mindful approach to your thoughts and statements throughout the day. You don’t need to feel ashamed of the negativity you feel, just make a note of it and think about why that might be your default response. Think about the assumptions you make. What’s behind them? Is it fear? Anxiety? It’s going to be very difficult to ch ange your thinking if you aren’t putting much introspection into why you’re thinking negatively in the first place.2. Fake it ‘til you make it.When you have a negative thought, consciously add a positive one. Even if you don’t really mean it, or you don’t think it’s totally true, that’s okay. It might feel like you’re forcing it at first, but after a while you’ll find yourself automatically adding the positive to the negative- or even seeing the positive part first.3. Pick a positivity mentor.You probably know someone who’s routinely positive, or able to take a lesson from the bad things that happen. Make that person the little voice in your head (and they never have to know). How would she approach this situation? What perspective would he take? This is part of the mindfulness that can help you change your thinking and your behavior.4. Be kind to yourself.We’re usually our own worst critics- especially when things aren’t going very well. Changing your outlook starts with cutting yourself some slack. It might feel cheesy to (mentally) pat yourself on the back or cheer on your own decisions, but who’s going to know you’re doing it? Start by giving yourself positive feedback in everyday life like, â€Å"I did this poorly, but I did this other thing right,† or â€Å"I got lost, but I stayed calm and eventually found my way back to the road.†5. Be ready to commit.Changing how you see things (and how you react to things) is not going to be an instant process. And it’s not something you can set aside, say, an hour to practice on a Saturday afternoon. If you try to add kind of an internal review to your thoughts as often as you can, you’ll find that you’re tweaking your levels of positivity over time. You will also likely find that you’re feeling less anxious and stressed and more open to opportunities and possibilities if youâ₠¬â„¢re not dwelling on all the reasons it just won’t work, or why you don’t deserve it. You deserve happiness, so go find it!

The Yellow Wallpaper - Managing the Madness-Mental Illness Research Proposal

The Yellow Wallpaper - Managing the Madness-Mental Illness - Research Proposal Example ory, an exaggerated account of an event from Gilman’s own life, stands as a statement against the male oppression of women experienced throughout much of history, but particularly as it was still experienced in the late 19th century when this story was written. Although many advances have been made on the part of women to explore their own goals and psyches, ‘the problem that has no name’ discussed by Friedan and illustrated by Gilman remains an issue as women continue to find many of the same objectification issues they have faced for centuries. In the story, John and the protagonist take up residence in an upper room of the house, thought to have once been a nursery, with bars on the windows and old faded yellow wallpaper attached to the walls. This wallpaper plays a large role in the progression of the woman’s illness as she begins to see women creeping around inside it, trying to escape the oppression they, too, have experienced. The woman is instructed to stay within the room, doing nothing, thinking nothing and engaged in absolutely no household chore, until she is well. While the diagnosis is to rest, with absolutely no burdens placed upon her, this treatment does not seem the wise course to the woman. â€Å"Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good. But what is one to do?† However, her opinion doesn’t matter in the slightest as she is told to hush and stop being so contrary. In the end, the woman is completely insane, creeping around the walls herself after peeling the wallpaper off as high as she can reach, even creeping over her husband, who has fainted against the wall, in order to continue her progress unimpeded. One of the biggest impacts on women throughout history has been a general socially oriented tendency to objectify the gender rather than consider females as fully viable members of a society. According to Diana Kendall (2004),

Death Of A Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death Of A Salesman by Arthur Miller - Essay Example Broken and delusional, he goes home to his family, trying to make sense out of his life (Whitalec 144). The challenge for Willy is that he does not know how to do anything else but sales. Although he attempts to find a job with his neighbor Charlie, he is unsuccessful. Eventually, he decides that the best thing for him to do is commit suicide; at least his family will have the insurance money when he is gone. 2 Symbolism There are a variety of symbols that Miller uses to advance the story. The title itself is a symbol of the dying breed of traveling salesman, as well as a foreshadowing that Willy will eventually take his life. In the beginning of the story, Willy likes to do gardening at night and there is a great emphasis on planting seeds. Seeds are a symbol of growth and these are also the seeds of the many pleasant memories that Willy has about Ben and about his â€Å"past and barren present condition† (Ali 1). The seeds are also a symbol for the wealth that Willy wants an d his need to put food on the table for his family. Planting seeds can also be about telling someone bits of wisdom. Willy felt that he was not able to help his son Biff in a way that would have helped him become someone in the world. From Willy’s perspective, Biff is not doing enough with his life and this is because Willy was not able to â€Å"cultivate and nurture† (Sparknotes 3) his son. Willy feels that if he could have planted the seeds of ambition within his son, that he would have done more with his life. The American Dream is a symbol that runs consistently through the story and it is a symbol of what Willy feels he cannot have, no matter what he does. Part of the American Dream is to have money and for Willy, the diamond mine that his brother was working with was about wealth. Diamonds present a symbol of wealth that is tangible to Willy and he sees diamonds as a way to validate his labor. Diamonds are also a symbol of a legacy that he could pass down to his sons (Sparknotes). Unfortunately, the American Dream has not meant wealth for Willy and at the end of the story he kills himself so that his family can receive the insurance money for his death. Stockings are often sold by salesman and Willy seems to be obsessed with making sure that his wife has new stockings all the time. These stockings are also a symbol of infidelity when Biff finds out that his father is having an affair and has given a pair of new stockings to his mistress. Also, new stockings for his wife provide Willy with the idea that he has taken care of at least one of his wife’s needs (Sparknotes). Willy lives in New York hoping that he will one day be able to move ahead in life. He yearns to leave the city and go to Africa with Ben (though Ben is now dead) or he would like to go to the American West. These symbols show Willy as someone who really wants more out of life but he does not know how to do this for himself; instead, he lives his dreams of wealth throug h hallucinations of his brother Ben. He had the change to go with Ben at one point in his life, but he did not do it because he was afraid. He allowed his home to restrict his movement. His home is actually another symbol of his restricted living. He does not have a space at home that is totally his and it is met with many financial problems that continue to keep him restricted (Witelec 1). The issue of acceptance is another theme that also acts

Illinois Program Plan on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Essay Example for Free

Illinois Program Plan on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Essay The government of Illinois is aware of the drug and alcohol addiction on its almost 2 million residents. Abuse of alcohol and drugs may lead to addiction which is hard to control. â€Å"The human suffering and social and economic loss caused by the illness of alcoholism, addiction to controlled substances, the use of cannabis, and the abuse and misuse of alcohol and other drugs are matters of grave concern to the people of the State of Illinois† (2003). The government of Illinois invests on their person that is why they have the great effort to provide the best services as possible to its people. Alcohol and drug addiction if not prevented might cause your life in danger. Government efforts to support families in strengthening their relationship to each other would become a good avoidance. So as the Illinois government created one of its largest agencies such as the Department of Human Services (DHS). The DHS supports Illinoisans to become self-sufficient to live the life to the fullest. Being self-sufficient means Under DHS there are several programs like Alcoholism and Addiction, cash services for the people who are financially in need, child care, customer services, disability and rehabilitation, health and medical, housing, assistance for the victims of violence and abuse, parenting and youth services. â€Å"The Division of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse (DASA) under the Department of Human Services consist of operational Offices/Bureaus designed to reflect their mission and planning goals and objectives. Primary responsibilities are to develop, maintain, monitor and evaluate a statewide treatment delivery system designed to provide screening, assessment, customer-treatment matching, referral, intervention, treatment and continuing care services for indigents alcohol and drug abuse and dependency problems† (Illinois Department of Human Services, 1999). There are different services offered under DASA such as Case Management which is the provision, coordination, or arrangement of additional services. Another is the Community Intervention is provided within the community and focus on the community and its residents. The HIV Testing and Counseling is to identify and provide early intervention for persons who are at risk of becoming infected or who have become infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Intensive Outpatient Services are clinical services that include individual, group and family counseling and patient education. The DASA Early Intervention is pre-treatment services for individuals whose problems appear to be related to substance abuse but do not meet any diagnostic criteria. Residential Rehabilitation provides clinical and treatment rehabilitation services 24 hours a day. And Detoxification provides immediate and short-term clinical support for persons in the withdrawal process. The intention of toxicology services is to analysis urine, blood, or saliva to determine the presence of alcohol and / or other drugs in clients who receive treatment or intervention services. (Illinois Department of Human Services, 1997) According to the Illinois Substance Abuse Plan (2003) The functions of DASA is to design a comprehensive services to carry out in the whole state to prevent drug abuse and design an accessible treatment and rehabilitation needed by the individuals positive on its usage (p. ). The strategy on all state agencies must be coordinated to make one strategy applicable to their residents as a response to their mutual goals as provider of prevention, treatment and support. DASA acts as the state’s premier provider of rehabilitation and treatment of drug dependents in order to monitor any institutions/establishments and to prevent unreliable providers. These providers are private individuals or institutions rendering alcohol and drug treatment and rehabilitation. They should be accredited by DASA and abide by the rules and regulations. The organization of each institution (provider) must have a good management system that rewards their staffs or employees for rendering good service. DASA encourage, develop, and implement practices that help provider institutions to develop competencies within their workforce to collaborate with researchers, influence research designs, and support internal utilization of quality research within the organization. At this cause, each employee will encourage to do good outputs in their work. In the long run, provider institutions will become stable and efficient. These policies on providers make them more standardize and reliable institution for treatment and rehabilitation. Providers also make the treatment and rehabilitation accessible in all area around the state of Illinois. Individual providers should undergo training in DASA to become competent in the workforce. DASA also have standard training program for providers to increase their knowledge and skills. The people addicted to drugs and alcohol may experience discrimination and isolation to the community. The state government encourages respect for their rights as a person who is just in need of understanding and support. These government efforts reflected on their different services. The agency aims to treat the person addicted to alcohol or drugs not to separate or punish them from the deeds that they had. The program plan provided a system responsive to the needs of its recipients and prioritizes the elimination of the gaps between the needs and available resources. Resources must be well allocated to enhance services and secure its future use. The agency use 5 year program plan from 2003-2007 to comply with the National Treatment Plan of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). They developed the plan entitled the Bridging the Illinois Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment Gap for Alcoholism and Other Drug Addiction Services Plan. The department formed different work groups supported by different members of the Subcommittee such as the Reducing Stigma and Changing Attitudes, Reducing the Gap in Services, Workforce Development, Connecting Services and Research, Accountability. Work groups are intended to evaluate and address issues in their particular area that will be used to improve objectives and goals for the program. Work groups are not just intended to evaluate the outcome of the existing plan but to develop the next implementation plan of the department. The state government wanted inform the people on the availability of different programs and seeks public understanding. Informing the people about their situation is the best preventive measure; the program used questionnaires and tools for evaluation and implementation of the plan. There is an appendix attached contained questionnaires for identifying if one person is light, moderate or heavy drinkers. These tools help the people to assess themselves in terms of the usage of alcohol and realize how much money they wasted for alcohols. The plan also introduced â€Å"Spending Calculators† for the individual to realize how much money they spend for alcohol use. â€Å"Create active linkages with a variety of agencies, organizations, communities and consumers around Illinois to focus on relevant knowledge development† (Illinois Substance Abuse Plan, 2003, p. ). These evaluation tools are definitely used by the agency for research purposes. Research will tell the agency if the services are still effective and efficient. If not they take developmental plans to improve services. Research will tell the agency how many people affected or addicted with alcohol or any substance. Whatever causes of alcohol or substance addiction may lead to family problems, ga ngs, lack of education and many alarming issues concerning the development of one person. It is a crucial situation to any parents if their child is positive to alcohol and drug addiction. If one of these appeared then the agency must strengthen their program on that particular aspect because all of these aspects influence the behaviour and character of the individual and it is interconnected to one another. It is also important for the agency to know what are the needs of the people addicted to alcohol and substance because the program for treatment and rehabilitation will depend on the needs of its recipients. The present findings will determine if the program plan is effective or not. If it is not then the agency will use the research findings and outcomes to develop the next program plan not only for the alcohol and drug abuse program but as well as on the other programs. Outcome evaluations is very important because the agency wanted not only to produce program plan but this will guide them in providing good and appropriate services for the people. Technology nowadays is present in our society and it is rapidly advancing. Technology became part of every person’s lives; it became our necessity and way of life. People become dependent on technology because this will not waste their time, effort and money. Almost all people have mobile phones, computers at home with internet access. This technological advantage will greatly help the agency in implementing their program. This is the easiest, fastest and non-expensive way to inform the people of the different services and most importantly to get evaluation outcomes needed for development. I must say that the agency uses the easiest, fastest and less expensive means to get evaluation outcomes. This is more comfortable for the agency because they will no longer have to do the door to door method and also for the respondents not to become disturb and if necessary they will participate anytime they want to. But this would become useless if the agency will just post evaluation tools in their website. They must find other way where to post these tools. Like for example posting it on different popular websites visited by a lot of people. Or they may even simultaneously require people to answer their evaluation tools right after they voted during state elections. The agency would enable many internet users to visit the website if it is accessible and user-friendly. Design or make the webpage more accessible to any kind of people whether adults, youth, children or even to those people that has physical disabilities. Create a good navigation in designing websites because this will surely become more usable and accessible. Technologies are essential in today’s society but we must still monitor the accuracy and efficiency of it. Maintaining the website is not that expensive if the agency has an in-charge group in doing maintenance. Research would become accurate if the tools used are efficient so it doesn’t matter how advance it was the most important is that the evaluation tools will answer the program objectives.

Invisible Man Essay: Searching for Black Identity in a White World

Invisible Man: Searching for Black Identity in a White World      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man was published at a time when America was racially divided.   The novel presents the theme of the lack of black identity – a theme supported by the fact that the protagonist, Invisible Man, has no name.   The reader knows the names of Dr. Bledsoe, Ras-the-Exhorter, Brother Jack and others - but the reader does not know the name of the main character.   Ellison's leaves it to the reader to decide who he is and, on a larger scale, how white America perceives black America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ellison's use of color is interesting.   He uses color to contrast the differences between black and white America.   Ellison describes the Tuskegee campus as a "world of whiteness", Dr Bledsoe's wife as having a "creamy-complexion", and the main character's lover's arm as "one ivory arm flung above her jet-black hair".   This contrast is used throughout the book and reminds the reader that race is an important issue in America.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Chapter 2 the main character is a junior in college and feels good about his life.   Dr Bledsoe, the dean of Tuskegee Institute, assigns him to drive for an old white trustee named Mr. Norton and to make sure he gets to his meetings on time.   On one particular day Mr. Norton asks the boy to show him around.   Mr. Norton knows little of the surrounding area.   This foreshadows trouble for the young man.   What the boy failed to understand is that Dr. Bledsoe doesn't want Mr. Norton or any other white trustee to see the community surrounding the campus.   Unaware of this the boy takes the first road he encounters and immediately they see a poor black farmer named Trueblood.   At a time when most blacks are living in poverty, Tru... ... the status quo, challenging the reader to see beyond skin color.   Only through realizing the truth about race, gender, and class warfare can we, as a nation, free ourselves from the shackles of prejudice.   Works Cited and Consulted: Bishop, Jack. Ralph Ellison. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Bellow, Saul. "Man Underground" Review of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man. Commentary. June 1952. 1st December 2001 Available: http://www.english.upeen.edu/~afilreis /50s/bellow-on-ellison.html Ellison, Ralph.   Invisible Man.   Vintage International.   New York: Random House, Inc., 1947. Fabre, Michel. "In Ralph Ellison's Precious Words." Unpublished Manuscript. 1996. 30 November. <http://www.igc.org/dissent/archive/ Ellison/early.html O'Meally, Robert, ed. New Essays on Invisible Man. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Impact of Free Newspapers in China Essay

With the development of technology and economy in major cities in China, the city’s RRT(Rail rapid transit) is experiencing an unprecedented growth and progress. Metro as the city’s RRT, is playing a significant role in the development of urban transportation. At the same time, Metro also plays a unique role in culture development as the culture carrier in the city. It is obvious that in modern cities, the number of metro passengers are surging, which indicates that the power of spreading can provide a good opportunity for the growth of media. The rapid growth of RRT creates a great potential and vast development for the city’s business and culture. In the age of timeliness and demand for information, the media plays a crucial role in informing the public. Against the background, the free circulation tabloid makes its first appearance in China. These tabloids are advertising vehicles that contains news. The content is easy to read in minutes. Metro Express came onto the scene on March 16, 2004, published by journalism group of Liberation Daily, marks the birth of China’s free newspaper. In 2006, Oct.8th, The tabloid Guangzhou Metro Daily, published by Guangzhou Daily Press Group and Guangzhou Metro Corp, carries 24 colour pages with news, consumption information and supplements. In 2010, Dec.8th, the signing ceremony was held by Shenzhen Press Group and Shenzhen Metro Gorp, it means that the first free newspaper in Shenzhen-8 in the morning is born. Besides, Until 2011, Hong Kong has its 5th free newspaper-Sharp Daily on the market,, the other four are Metro Daily, Headline Daily, am730 and Skypost. The Sharp Daily, First day issue 0.8 million copies with plans to reach 1 million readers daily, is planning to excel Headline Daily. The development of free newspaper in China ushered a new era in newspaper industry. It has a vast market space and adapts to today’s publishing environment. Free newspaper has an unparalleled advantage in attracting the young readers. According to the research by Institute of Public Opinion, People’s university of China, In Beijing the newspaper readers’ average age is over 41, the situation is similar in Shanghai and Guangzhou, the newspaper readers are now becoming an aging population. The main reason for why young adults unwilling to read newspaper is â€Å" it costs money† They can  get the free information from other sources. Another research conducted by CTR and CNRS shows that in 36 major cities in China, the reading time for each person has declined from 40 minutes to 38 minutes. The report also reveals that the young people do not want to waste a lot of time in reading newspaper. The free newspaper enjoys its advantages in today’s newspaper industry. Firstly it meets the readers’ demand of getting informed in short time. When people are on the way to work, they don’t have much time to buy the newspaper, or they will feel boring when waiting the subway. So the free newspaper becomes their perfect choice. It can provide the information instantly, quickly and easily. People will choose the free newspaper for its convenience and for the effectiveness. The free newspaper usually distributed at most of the city’s metro stations, it is easy for people to get and read. What’s more, the free newspaper usually printed less pages than traditional newspaper, which means that it lessens that time of reading. People who are hurrying to work will prefer some short news rather than long, serious news. Another advantage for the development of free newspaper is that it can arrest the young reader’s attention. That will encourage the advertisers to buy more and more space for the purpose of reaching the young people, which will make the free newspaper profitable. Take Guangzhou as an example, the average age of Guangzhou metro passengers is 35.6, with white-collar workers accounting for 41 per cent of the total. The free newspaper is targeting these people by providing information about recreation such as places to go or date, affairs about the movie stars, music concerts, art exhibitions. From this perspective, advertisers are more convinced by the free newspaper because their readers are of relatively high purchasing power. Although the free newspaper is prospering in major cities, every coin has two sides. The obstacles are also noteworthy. From the perspective of newspaper industry, the falling competitiveness of newspaper is obvious. The mobile media and the network media are challenging the newspaper industry since it has fast speed of delivering message and directness to person. The CTR   shows that a person’s online time is increasing from 88.5 minutes in 2002 to 137.8 minutes in 2006. Its growth reaches about 56%. The mobile media is also threatening the development of free newspaper since it can not only displays text and graphics but also play both audio and video clips. From the perspective of readers, people with higher education will consider the free newspaper is not providing useful and high quality contents. As a new way of promulgation, the influence of free newspaper is also worth discussing and analyzing. On the one hand, the most noticeable influence can be seen from the growing belligerent atmosphere between traditional newspaper and free newspaper. The free newspaper is getting more advertisers and splitting advertising revenue which causes traditional newspaper a huge loss of money. So the launch of free newspaper forced the paid newspaper to lower their price in order to minimizing loss. Apart from the conflict of interests, the free newspaper is bound to give an impact on traditional editorial theory. Traditionally, the editor will select the source of news carefully can verify the authenticity. However, it is not the case for free newspaper. The free newspaper insists on providing quick information, the authenticity is not their top concern. But if we take a comprehensive view of general situation, we will find that the free newspaper is promoting the whole newspaper industry. On the other hand, the free newspaper has a positive influence on the society’s literacy. Suyuji, professor and dean, school of Journalism and Communication, Chinese University of Hong Kong, says that in 2009, they had a research on the readership among the adults in Hong Kong and the results show that 50% of the adults always read free newspaper while 60% of them will actually pay for newspaper. The percentage for both newspapers is similar, but the tendency is predictable that the readership of free newspaper is going to exceed the traditional newspaper. Another research conducted by GroupM, the global leading media investment management group, gives a more convincing result. This research had interviewed 303 people age from 15 to 49, 86%of them have the interests to read free newspaper. It also shows that some people who seldom read newspaper is also willing to have free newspaper to read.2/3 of the respondents said that they are satisfied with the content and they will  continue to read free newspaper. From the above researches we can see that the introduction of free newspaper in China plays an important role in dissemination of culture to people. Politically, the free newspaper can also serve as the correspondent for the government and people. The case in America is usual especially on campaigns and elections. Sometimes the media even helps influence what issues voters should care about in elections and what criteria they should use to evaluate candidates. In China, the content of free newspaper seldom concerns about political issues. The potential for political promulgation of free newspaper is huge. The government can have influence on shaping the public opinion and political value especially among the young adults. The free newspaper is an ideal tool for government to spread their ideas, inform the policies and communicate with their people. Ecologically, the free newspaper may result in a number of adverse effects on environment. Because the free newspaper is distributed randomly, the possibilities of people litter the ground with free newspaper is higher than other newspaper. This problem can be solved by putting a recycling box in subway stations, encouraging people to recycle the papers. Socially, the opportunities of increasing literacy through free newspaper is great, the reader’s social awareness will increase. Nowadays people read free newspaper for three major reasons: get informed, kill time and relax. However, since the free newspaper’s major income is from advertising, they will give more spaces for advertisements, thus the rights for reading the news will be neglected. In the future, more emphasis should be put on the quality of free newspaper, since some criticizes now blame free newspaper on false news and vulgar taste. In conclusion, Free newspaper in China has just start its development, it is going to spend years to become mature in the newspaper market. The advantages of developing free newspaper outnumber its disadvantage , it can be assumed that the newspaper industry will experience a deep and profound revolution. References [1]Free Newspaper Launched in Guangzhou China Daily October 2, 2006 [2]City’s sixth free newspaper hits the street China Daily (HK Edition) September 20, 2011 [3]The Dynamics of Mass Communication: Media in the digital age Joseph R.Dominick [4]Free newspaper focus on the new generation Wangying Media Observer , 2006 [5]Free newspaper made profound changes in newspaper industry Yanyu Bianjizhiyou ,2006 [6]Master thesis on analysis of Chinese free newspaper Huazhong University of Science and Technology [7]This year, Next year: China Media forecasts Groupm 2011 Autumn [8]Free newspaper influence on Hong Kong readers Suyuji, professor, dean, school of Journalism and Communication, Chinese University of Hong Kong [9]The New Trend of Urban Grassroots Political Promulgationï ¼Å¡The Recent Development of Free Newspapers and its Potential Political Impact Journal of Fujian School of Administration and Fujian Institute of Economics and Management

Dead Poets Society †Responsibility Essay

Exposition – Dead Poet’s Society Neil’s suicide was more his father’s fault than that of Keating. Do you agree or disagree? The movie ‘Dead Poet’s Society’ produced in 1989 by Peter Weir unfolds many perception of life during the 1950’s. The Welton Academy, the place where the movie was filmed, sets a great example as it articulates the regimented life of numerous male students who suffer from pressure, lack of freedom, and high expectations of their parents and teachers. Many of these adolescent boys are considered rebellious instead of subsequent, for taking risks. However, the roles of these students are fundamental as they show the existing individualism throughout the movie. The students also show existing individualism through the encounters that they had with one another, with their parents and with the school staff. However, if individualism is taken to its extent, things can either go right or for instance, Neil’s suicide; it can also go horribly wrong. But moving on to the topic, Yes, Neil’s death was a tragedy, many people believe only himself was held responsible. But if you look at the greater depth of the movie, there are other reasons why Neil chose to end his life. And if there is anything to blame for Neil’s death, there are strong possibilities that Neil’s father and Mr Keating are highly responsible. Who do you think is responsible for Neil’s death? Mr Perry, Neil’s dad, a traditional, persuasive, strict father who requires high expectation of his son or Mr Keating, Neil’s charismatic and inspirational teacher, the one who opened the students mind? Mr Perry can be blamed constantly of Neilâ⠂¬â„¢s suicide if Neil’s death was based on, basically, the lack of freedom Neil had during the time when he was still living. Mr Perry is a very traditional father who has high expectations of his son and just like any typical father in the film, he is forceful and aggressive towards his son’s educational life. He is extremely domineering and believes that deciding for his son was the best idea. It was a tough challenge for Neil to get along with his father as he couldn’t overcome the difficult relationship he had with his father. One example would be when Neil decided to change his father’s will of him doing a career in medicine and alternatively, he chose to follow his dreams and do a career in performing arts. However, Mr Perry showed atrocious response in what Neil has done. Neil’s performance was rather aggravating than delighting to him. Mr Perry insisted to do nothing but decide for his son. Neil, thinking he’s had enough, stood for himself  and tried to communicate with his father to tell him his own perspective. However, the traumatized boy who’s stuck in agony was unable to do so. Neil believed that there was no way out of this horrendous imprisoned-life so his overall choice was to end everything by pull of a trigger. It was the only way for Neil to show independence to his father, the only way to show that he’s seizing the day. Mr Perry, who was unable to understand the state of event, was horrified†¦but if he listened and communicated properly with Neil†¦Neil would still probably, be breathing. Though there was no precise reason of Mr Keating getting involved with Neil’s suicide, Mr Keating was also, somehow, blamed for Neil’s death. Many audience of the film believe that Mr Keating did not present his philosophy of life clearly therefore causing the boys to interpret it incorrectly. This might’ve been during the time he opened his student’s mind and filled them with hopes and dreams, or the time when he told them to look at things in a different way, or the time when he told them to enjoy life to the fullest (ak a Carpe Diem; Seize the day). Though, he encouraged his pupils to stand up for themselves, to be independent, he also pushed them away from conforming to the school’s policy. One boundless example of Mr Keating’s inspiration, through the way he teaches the boys, was when he told them to rip out the introduction page of the poetry books. As he wanted them to gain the ability to have their own response, to build their own belief of what poetry is all about. And throughout the movie, Mr Keating would constantly tell his students to ‘Seize the day!’ though, he meant to live life to the fullest, he did not theoretically mean to suicide. Unknowingly, Mr Keating taught his students, the opposite message he was trying to get to them. Overall, the majority of reasons for Neil’s suicide was caused by Mr Perry, though Mr Keating can also be blamed as he lacked of explanation in his inspirational words to the boys, if he had explained his theory properly to his students, then they would†™ve fully understood including the consequences it would bring. However, it is Mr Perry that has caused extreme destruction in Neil’s identity. Even from the start, Neil and his dad never had a proper father-and-son relationship. Mr Perry never gave Neil a chance to do something he wanted to do, instead he was eager of controlling his son’s life. He treated Neil like as if his son was imprisoned, no freedom, no choice and he was full of restrictions against his son.

Reflective presentation of the risk assessment con Essays

Reflective presentation of the risk assessment con Essays Reflective presentation of the risk assessment conducted in ealing christian centre 1 Introduction Under the permission of the head pastor of Ealing Christian Centre, Northfield, London, I was granted the permission to do my practical placement with the church in December 2008. I was directed to the staff in charge of the church's health and safety whose induction given to me in December 2008 and willingness to supervise me in my forty hour practical project scheduled to start on 11th January 2009 was beneficial to me. Since the church building and it surrounding environment are places where people often meet to fellowship, it is very important to ensure the safety of these places such as the Church, the Church halls, churchyards and ground are safe for worshipers and staff to use. If these places are ignored of assessing their risk of usage they can cause serious pain and suffering to people which may often disrupt the peaceful running of the church and its activities. Risk assessment by definition is suggested to be a progressive stage in risk management process, which determines measurable characteristic value of hazards in relation to definite situation and the identification of the threat. And in this practical reflective presentation, I will base the health and safety risk assessment I conducted in Ealing Christian Centre on the Systems put in place for safer place of worship as briefed by my supervisor at induction, and the Daily Time log on my observations. 2 Systems Put In Place for Safer Place of Worship 3 Security of the Church Building Ealing Christian Centre as I learned from my induction day, is a big building used as place of worship for both able and disabled adults, young people and children of various age groups. The boundaries of the church premises are clearly defined with concert walls and good wooden fencing. The door ways are protected such that they do not give cover to intruders. When not in use, all the entrances and windows are securely locked. There is no easy access from points such as lower adjacent structures, compounds, walls or pipes to the roof and has an intruder alarm installed there. I also learned that their musical instruments, computers and private files are securely protected from thieves. Vehicle access to the church grounds as I learned was controlled only on Sundays and any other major event in the church. There is a gate that is locked to prevent access when the parking spaces are full. 4 Theft and Damage There are storerooms for securing valuable items such as audio, visual and musical instruments when they are not in use. The church has offices which are also locked when not in use but all staff and members are advised to safeguard their personal belongings in the church. Cash is counted in a secure room out of sight, removed from the premises overnight and holdings are kept in the minimum, stored in safe installed for small valuable items. The offering how ever is not adequately protected from theft since the offering basket allows every hand to reach the collected money at its base. Items that could be used as missiles to commit damage are removed from around the building, and refuse stored safely away in metal containers from vulnerable areas. 5 Management and Practice The church has no specific annual budget for crime and vandalism prevention measures separate from any general repair funds. Even though staffs have suggested people should report acts of vandalism immediately on recovery, most people do not. However damages are quickly repaired to discourage further similar acts while criminal acts reported automatically to the police if known. Details of the nature, time, place and cost of theft or vandalism are to be recorded in logbooks but mostly it is not done. Advice has been sort from the Police Crime Prevention Office, Fire Prevention Office, the Insurer and the Security Industry so; there is detailed procedure for recording and investigating fires. The community through the police and Church watch scheme are involved in the in safeguarding the church building. But for security reasons there is no procedure put in place for the police and fire service to contact the church key holders in the occurrence of incidents in the building. 6 Other Established Methods There is a proper procedure for keys control and an established procedure for locking up the church. When the building is being locked after activities, the stewards are to inspect the kitchen, toilet, and store rooms to make sure no one is hiding in the building. I learned that the locks of the church are periodically

How Writers Can Become Songwriters

How Writers Can Become Songwriters I am lucky to make a living as both a songwriter and a â€Å"regular writer.† When I tell other writers about my songwriting, they typically respond with, â€Å"I wish I could do that!† My response is always, â€Å"Why don’t you?† I hear reasons like, â€Å"I don’t know how,† or â€Å"I can’t sing.† These excuses seem reasonable, but I’m here to tell you that if you’re a writer, you CAN be a songwriter and you CAN get paid for it! Here’s a step- 1. Analyze your strengths If you’re someone who doesn’t use a lot of creative writing, you’ll want to start putting some work into this. Songwriting is all about emotion. Take your latest piece of writing and see how it could be a song. If you’re thinking, â€Å"nothing I write could be a song,† here’s an example: Let’s say you’ve written an article about online shopping. It’s a straight-forward, how-to guide. What if the person shopping is buying things to care for a sick loved one? What if they have a spending addiction and need to stop? Use imaginative stories to find your lyrics. 2. Practice lyric writing Having a great story won’t matter if you can’t make it fit the music. This is the biggest issue with new lyric writers. They don’t know how to write in a way that will fit into a song. Songwriting is largely math-based. If line one has 6 syllables, line two should as well (you can play around with this once you’re experienced, but for now just keep it simple). Use a metronome and say your words out loud. Can you clearly speak them to a beat? If not, make edits. 3. Meet cowriters Now you’re ready to put your words to music! If you already play an instrument, you’re a step ahead. However, you can easily meet potential cowriters at open mic nights. I saw a woman read a poem she wrote at an open mic. She was so good that several people asked her to co-write after she was done! Practice speaking your words and getting into a rhythm, then perform them in front of musicians. If you’re stage-shy, post them on your website and social media. Connect with other writers and offer your awesome lyric writing skills. 4. Get co-writing credit This is where the money is. When you write a song with someone, whoever’s name is on the track gets paid. Determine how you’ll split royalties ahead of time (before the song is finished or released). Typically, if two people write a song they’ll split it 50/50. Decide how you want to split it and go from there. Do not give away your credit unless you are offered some type of up-front pay! 5. Get paid Now you’re at the point where you’ll pitch your songs to publishers. You and/or your co-writers will attend pitching events or submit Hopefully these tips will inspire you to try songwriting. It can be a fun and creative way to earn income, and you might write the next big hit!

Reflection assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection assignment - Essay Example The basic introduction in unit I was perfect since it forms a stepping stone to unit II that involved research. At this point it, the knowledge acquired in unit I help in determining and drafting the requirements of Unit II. Therefore, it is worth noting that Unit I improved my critical thinking that led me to effective selection of research topic. Despite looking into varied areas to research on, my concerns were on the topic that was of the public concern and interest. Hence, I decided to settle on effects on smoking to the all involved parties including first hand smokers, second hand or perceive smokers, families of smoker, and the society. My concern in this step was whether my research question will be approved or not. Fortunately, it was approved and the task afterwards was to carry out relevant and thorough research on the selected topic. The Unit III and IV were good ventures in teaching and perfecting both research and writing skills. Moreover, from these units, I learned h ow to search for resources in completing my work. Different resources are usually available for every research topic, but the most important thing is to select resources that will help in accomplishing or answering research questions effectively. Therefore, the book or article reviews that were learnt in this class are effective and necessary research tools that this class offered me. Moreover, different examples that were used during these class sessions were directly productive in compiling all the relevant materials in writing the final paper as per Unit IV. Additionally, the peer review section or the Unit III is a good unit since it leads to appreciation of other people’s work. It also makes students to learn from each other. The unit gave me an opportunity to know what other students’ interests were and how they intended to contribute to their topics towards answering the research questions. Moreover, the unit also helped me to understand and appreciate other peo ple’s work on my research topic and helped to determine how I would complete my assignment using their contributions on my topic area. The translation project was a perfect lesion that taught me how to read and comprehend. Comprehending other people’s ideas in any form usually leads to deeper understanding to their contributions. After understanding the same, it becomes easier to use their ideas in different ways to achieve certain goals or towards answering question involved around such understanding. For instance, the translation project that led to the understanding of each student’s topic area made use (students) to provide different translation of each student’s topic or research question. Additionally, translation topic helped to paraphrase other people’s work as I appreciate their contribution to their work. The translational topic also made me to appreciate other students and helped know that people have different personalities. For instanc e, some students have same concerned but presented them in different and varied way. This really opened mind and since then I have remained opened minded never to look or consider a problem or solution on only one end buy giving the same different understandings. Finally, it is worth noting that Unit IV is the most vital for all other lower Units since all other units are based on completing Unit IV effectively and qualitatively. This topic unit led

Human Rights and Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Rights and Women - Essay Example Women were therefore sexually exploited. Until quite recently, women were relegated to the background in respect of social and economic status, education, politics, health and non - recognition of her unpaid work at home in domestic food production, etc. Until quite recently even in Great Britain, a women's property was considered to belong to her husband. American Women were denied their civil right of suffrage until 1920. In 1960 Women got together to obtain legal equality with men. After the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, women obtained many gains in employment. In 1970, efforts were made by women to change the unfair practices and attitudes towards women in society. In 1970, the U.S. Supreme Court passed a landmark judgment in the case US V Virginia. The Supreme Court decided that Sex Discrimination is unconstitutional unless the state can advance an exceedingly persuasive justification. (Microsoft Corporation, Encarta article Women's Rights, Katrin Schultheiss) The atrocities against women are universal in their prevalence, as attested to by the fact that in the World Human Rights Conference held at Vienna in 1993, special mention was made of these issues.

Philosophy Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy Reflection - Essay Example Reality is here on Earth during our lifetime. Reality as I believe it to be and as shown in â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and The Matrix is a personal experience. The people standing on the wall in the cave in â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† live the shadow reality. The people on the walk above them live in the reality of the sun. This is a reality of perception. In The Matrix people live in a matrix of make believe that is perceived to be real or unplugged in the reality of Zion. Once again the reality is a personal experience. Neo experienced both realities after receiving knowledge of Zion. The two stories take a different opinion on transferring to a different reality. Plato believed the prisoner that went into the light would want to return to darkness, but would not be able to adapt back in the cave. The prisoner would want things the way it was before being freed. In The Matrix Neo did not want to go back into the matrix after being unplugged. Not only did Neo not want to go back, he embraced the new knowledge of his reality to become more than what he was in the matrix. The prisoner remained the same, but Neo evolved. In my opinion, I believe it depends on the person and circumstances if a person remains the same or evolves. If different realities exist, different ethical implications would apply. For example, Neo was trying to free humans from the matrix. In Zion, Neo was a hero, but in the matrix he was an outlaw. The prisoner in the cave was being punished or jailed, but in the light the prisoner was free. Laws in Zion, the matrix, cave, and outside the cave were different. For example, in Zion people were allowed to go into the matrix to fight, but not to have a pleasurable life. In the matrix people were not allowed to know they could be unplugged. In the cave people played games about the shadows due to their immobility. The people outside the cave moved about freely. It would not be fair to judge Neo in Zion about things done in the

Concepts of Abnormality and Mental Health

Concepts of Abnormality and Mental Health Sevgi Gulbahce Psychology Access to Nursing Definition Example Abnormality It is behaving in ways which the majority of people do not behave in, or not acting in the ways the majority of people behave in. It can be anything that is not considered as normal. Abnormal behaviour can be affected by numerous factors e.g. social norm, the ambiguity of the break point between abnormal/normal and bias and fundamental attribution errors. And one thing that may be abnormal in the UK maybe seen as normal in another country etc. An individual can be said to be abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life e.g. interact with others, self-care and make themselves understood to others. Rosenhan Seligman (1989) believed the following characteristics describe failure to function adequately are: Vividness unconventionality, unpredictable loss of control, Irrationality/incomprehensibility, Violates moral/social standards and Causes observer discomfort. Normality The meaning of normal can vary from person, culture, place, situation and time. Normal can change with societal standards and norm. Normal behaviour can be subjective and can be recognised when compared to what is not normal or abnormal. A person carrying out normal behaviour can show empathy, can relate its thoughts to others. They understand their actions, they are aware of all actions and can act sanely. They can show the correct emotions when necessary, and are capable of understanding others etc. Definitions Explanation Evaluation Statistical infrequency It is used to find out the norm of a society. It can be used to categorise people in to normal, frequent, typical or atypical. It is not accounted for social acceptability or behaviour type e.g. a very intelligent person may be seen as abnormal because it is uncommon and odd behaviour that is uncommon but may be accepted as abnormal Deviation from social norms It is going against a societies accepted behaviour codes Social norms can be can change depending on the society and standards may change e.g. in our society it was seen as abnormal to be an unmarried mother before than it is now Failure to function adequately When a person has difficulty maintaining a social relationship or staying in a job Other than social dysfunction, it is also being in a disabling state of distress. Problems can be that certain mental disorders may not cause distress and that it may sometimes be normal to be distressed. Deviation from ideal mental health When a person does not have all the criteria’s required for a normal healthy functioning The criteria’s for the ideal mental health may be difficult to measure and so demanding that some people fail to meet them TAQ 2 Define Explain DSM IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is a manual published by the American psychiatric association and it used to diagnose and categorize mental disorders Psychiatrics diagnoses are categorised by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. It includes all mental health disorders for both adults and children. It lists all the causes of these disorders, age at onset, statistics in terms of gender and prognosis. They use this manual when working with patients to help better understand their illnesses and the potential treatment and also to help the third party payers such as insurer’s. The DSM is divided into five sections and the fourth section is used to asses: the events in a person’s life such as death of a loved one, unemployment and starting a new job etc. ICD The International Classification of Disease tenth revision is a system of coding created by the World Health Organization. It notes the medical records of the diseases, symptoms, findings and causes of injury. The ICD-10-classification for mental disorders is made of 10 main groups: F0 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders F1 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of psychoactive substances F2 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders F3 Mood [affective] disorders F4 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders F5 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors F6 Disorders of personality and behaviour in adult persons F7 Mental retardation F8 Disorders of psychological development F9 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence. (web 4 health, 2003) TAQ 3 Evaluate the biological (medical approach) and behaviourist approach to abnormality In psychology there are different approaches when examining both normal and abnormal behaviour. The four main are: biological, behavioural, cognitive and psychodynamic. We will be evaluating biological and behavioural in this essay. The biological approach to abnormal behaviour concentrates on medical issues that causes the mental illnesses. It can involve damage to the brain, physical illness, or chemical imbalances. The medical approach believes that it can be caused by any of the following four physical causes: genetic, biochemistry, Neuroanatomy and infections. Usually the mental illness is inherited from the parents. It can run in the family or if a certain gene is seen to be responsible for the illness. There are various chemicals in the brain to help with communication and these are called neurotransmitters. Examples of neurotransmitters are serotonin, dopamine and adrenalin. If an imbalance in these chemicals occur it can cause psychological disorders, this is called biochemistry. Neuroanatomy believes the abnormal behaviour is caused by a problem in the structure of the brain. It is found that the syphilis bacterium can cause disorders known as general paresis which can cause forgetfulness and delusions. Also there are research to suggest that influenza in a pregnant woman can cause schizophrenia in a child in the later ages. There are many different treatment types depending on the illness cause. If the is the problem is caused by physical problem then a physical procedure is carried out. If the problem is with the brain structure then surgery might be necessary and lastly if the problem caused is chemically then drugs are given to address the problem. Antipsychotics are prescribed to patients suffering from schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine can also be prescribed to help block some of the dopamine receptors stopping the brain to become less sensitive. If a patient experience suicidal thoughts Clozapine can be prescribed which acts on serotonin and dopamine pathways. Anti-depressants are prescribed to patients to help with preventing reabsorption or by blocking the enzymes. When drugs have little or no effect or in most extreme cases surgery might be carried out. These include cutting or removing certain parts of the brain. Frontal lobotomies are used in the UK to calm men that are violent. Deep brain stimul ation can also be used and is successfully used to treat patients with Parkinson’s, depression and anorexia. The behaviourist model believes that all behaviour is learned which also includes abnormal behaviour. The behaviour can also be forgotten which is the method used for treatment. There are three different ways in which behaviour is learned: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Classical conditioning was discovered by a Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov. It is a learning method that happens through relations between an environmental stimulus and a stimulus that is occurring naturally. Watson and Rayner did a research on an eleven month old little boy called Albert. He was shown a white rat which he had no fear of, (natural stimulus). Afterwards the rat was shown again to Albert but every time a metal bar was struck with a hammer behinds Albert’s head producing a loud sound. Every time the metal bar was struck he would start crying. This was done a several times and they had seen that Albert had developed a fear towards the rat. (Revision with Richie, 2015) Operant Conditioning was found by a behaviourist called B.F. Skinner. It is a method of learning that happens through rewards or punishment for behaviour. An association can be made between a behaviour and the consequences for that behaviour. E.g. when a lab rat presses on the blue button he will receive a rewards which is a food pallet however when he presses the red button he will receive mild electric shock. He eventually learns to press the blue button for a rewards and avoids the red button. (Simply Psychology, 2015) Observation learning is found by psychologist Albert Banbura. It is known as social learning, it can occur from retaining, observing and copying behaviour in other people, and it can happen at any stage of life, but is most important during childhood. Albert Banbura (1965) demonstrated an experiment called the Bobo doll. Children were seeing adults hit a doll and either be rewarded, punished or neither. After seeing this the children had learned aggressive behaviour. If a person is rewarded for its actions they are more likely to repeat the behaviour. Behaviour therapies are used to treat phobias and involve the patient learning to associate their phobic stimulus with relaxation. SD is an effective therapy used on patients struggling with more serious disorders. It is slower process, however the longer the technique takes the more it can be effective. Aversion method that teaches a person to associate their unwanted behaviour with something unpleasant. E.g. teaching an alcoholic person to associate their preferred drink with being violently ill. Token economy is a method used in psychiatric prisons and hospitals. If a person behaves in a wanted way they are rewarded with tokens which can be used to buy something they like. Modelling is another treatment method and can be used to treat phobias. The patient watches a person coping well with the phobic situation, and then the patient may feel comfortable in doing the same. Bibliography Education portal, 2003, what is Abnormal Psychology? Definition and Common Disorders Studied, (online) available at: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-abnormal-psychology-definition-and-common-disorders-studied.html (accessed: 13 February 2015) Prezi, 2015, Abnormal IB Psychology, (online) available at: https://prezi.com/yqvdodv4jrll/abnormal-ib-psychology/ (accessed: 13 February 2015) Intropsych, 2007, Defining abnormal behaviour, (online) available at: http://www.intropsych.com/ch12_abnormal/defining_abnormal_behavior.html (accessed: 13 February 2015) Alley dog, 1998, Abnormal, (online) available at: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Abnormal (accessed: 14 February 2015) Simply Psychology, 2015, Abnormal psychology, (online) available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html (accessed: 14 February 2015) American psychiatric association, 2014, DSM, (online) available at: http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm (accessed: 13 February 2015) As psychology, 2014, defining abnormality, (online) available at: http://as-psychology.pbworks.com/w/page/9174252/DefiningAbnormality (accessed: 14 February 2015) Web 4 health, 2003, Mental Disorders and classification of mental disorders (ICD-10, DSM-IV) (online) available at: http://web4health.info/fi/psy-icddsm-what.htm (accessed: 14 February 2015) Revision with Richie, 2015, the Behaviourist Model of Abnormality (online) available at:http://revisewithrachie.com/revision-sheets/abnormality/the-behaviourist-model-of-abnormality/ (accessed: 15 February 2015) Simply Psychology, 2015, Skinner-Operant Conditioning (online) available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html (accessed: 15 February 2015)